By air
Canada's hub-and-spoke domestic network funnels through Toronto (YYZ), Vancouver (YVR), Montréal (YUL), and Calgary (YYC). For long east–west legs, flying is usually the only sensible option — Vancouver to Halifax is a 5,000 km drive but a 6-hour flight.
- Air Canada and WestJet cover most routes; Porter is a strong eastern option.
- Look at Flair and Lynx for budget regional pricing.
- Northern routes via Yellowknife, Whitehorse, and Iqaluit need advance planning.
By rail
VIA Rail operates the iconic transcontinental Canadian (Toronto to Vancouver, 4 nights), the Ocean (Montréal to Halifax), and the Corridor service that links Toronto, Montréal, Ottawa, and Quebec City. Rocky Mountaineer runs scenic daylight routes through the Rockies.
By car
Driving is the way most Canadians see the country. The Trans-Canada Highway connects all ten provinces, and route 99 in BC, the Icefields Parkway in Alberta, and Cabot Trail in Nova Scotia are road trips in their own right.
- An International Driving Permit is recommended on top of your home licence.
- Winter tires are mandatory in Quebec and parts of BC from December – March.
- Wildlife collisions spike at dawn and dusk — slow down.
By ferry & coastal
BC Ferries connects Vancouver to Victoria and the Inside Passage. Marine Atlantic links Newfoundland to Nova Scotia. NCL, HAL, and Princess cruise the East Coast in fall and Alaska from Vancouver May to September.
City transit
Toronto, Montréal, Vancouver, Ottawa, and Calgary have strong public transit. Outside those, plan to rent a car or rely on rideshare. Most cities have bike-share systems running April to October.